LIVING HIGH ON THE HOG!
... hello, FSSNOC friends and family ...
(04-15-'21)
A new Harley Davidson, you might ask? Nope, jes having some hot beans and BBQ pork as I update our ThumperGarage ... #000
PHOTO ABOVE ... comes to us from Steve Oakman, #5266 in Nebraska. What say you, Steve?
Sensei,
True to my word, I submit these pictures, and hope you can come up with a caption for them, should you decide to use them.
With love and affection.
Grasshopper #5266
PS I call it "Three Thumpers and...".
(REPLY) Sir Grasshopper ... (awesome shot, btw ...) I'm gonna go with:
"TRITHUMPERISM" ... the enviable state of one having three such two-wheeled machines from which to choose for an early Spring outing in the countryside.
Anyone else wanna give it a try (or should I say, "tri"?)
Send your entry to us via an email to:
FSSNOCthumpers@yahoo.com or send your text to: 620-663-1869
######################################################################
In reply to the email from Rob Fisher, #5186 - MN. ..."Rob, I'm planning to use your "Answering the Bight Eight" until the next Thumper News, not the upcoming #143, but on down the road in TN#144 ... and THANK YOU for your assistance with the #143 issue that we've been discussing. Hope that snow goes away real fast..." #000
######################################################################
In reply to #1196 - Colorado, Maynards email ... "Now that sounds like fun! Look for me to show up unless the creek rises ... I'll be the one that doesn't know how to speak Italian!" - #000.
#####################################################################
And, speaking of speaking Italian...
Hey Jack and Club Members,
Not sure if you have seen this but I came across an interesting interview with Pierre Terblanche talking about making the Ducati Supermono:
From EXIF:
Pierre Terblanche speaks about the Ducati Supermono:
The Supermono is as fascinating as it is rare. Designed as a single-cylinder machine, and named for the Supermono class it was designed to compete in, only 65 were ever made. If you can find one, it’ll cost you. The Ducati Supermono owes its looks to the renowned South African designer, Pierre Terblanche, and was one of his earliest projects.
In this video, he sits down with the Barber Museum’s Brian Case to talk about the Supermono’s development. Highlights include insight into how the motor used a ‘ghost’ second cylinder to help balance it, and what it was like designing bikes before CAD was a thing.
At 45 minutes long, the video [below] is more of a relaxed conversation than a sizzle reel. But if you’re even remotely interested in the Supermono or Pierre’s career, it’s worth a watch.
Watch Pierre Terblanche Talk About Making the Ducati Supermono - Asphalt & Rubber (asphaltandrubber.com)
Vincent #133
(REPLY) Awesome, awesome, THANK YOU, VINCENT! I ALWAYS HOPED THAT DUCATI WOULD BUILD THAT ONE FOR A STREET SINGLE ... but it, as we all know, didn't happen. Guess I can dream, right? - #000.
#####################################################################
AUCTION ... if you like old motorcycles and/or pieces thereof ... this might be worth your time ... Action!
KEN AND MARY MEYER ESTATE AUCTION - Saturday, May 8, 2021
Live and Online - autos and motorcycles, Vintage and Modern.
Investigate at: farmandhomeks.com
(You may not be able to click on this, if not, you may have to copy and paste or simply key this address in as our website sometimes doesn't seem to be able to do it any other way ... sorry.)
Please realize that what I'm going to say here, I say with only the highest level of respect and affection for a now-departed close friend ... Ken was an almost daily purchaser of something motorized, mechanical, two wheels, four wheels, ten wheels, little wheels, fat wheels, or more ... even boats, everything and anything that one could operate or ride in or on!
He loved going to Auctions! As Ken was a faithful FSSNOCer and a personal friend, I suspect that he generally came home with something, and most times, a Pickup load, sometimes followed by a car-hauler trailer!
When last I was at his place, I brought home the bones of an Indian from the Clymer days, a 100cc racer. I couldn't count the number of old motorcycles and motorcycle bits and pieces ... most still in the "as found" state, some stripped down as if to put the pieces in a salvage, or viewing bare frames from stuff I'd only read about in books and magazines. To most, it looked like an entangled assemblage of tubular metal, to me ... it was history in the raw. How much is left, how much is gonna sell at that Auction, you'll have to ascertain that for yourself ... a sale bill is either ready or forthcoming at the website of the Auction company above ... Good Hunting! - #000.
######################################################################
More stuff on the other pages of this here site::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::>
######################################################################
HELLO FSSNOCERS ... (04-08-21)
THANKS FOR DROPPING BY THE OLE THUMPERGARAGE TODAY!
Check out the pack above, how many different items can you identify and name from this shot? Send us your list...
This photo came from last year's (2020) Thumper trip to Fort Robinson in the upper left-hand corner of Nebraska. As you may recall, we had planned to journey to Indiana and do a walk-through of the JANUS motorcycle factory. As the date neared, August 26, 2020, it became increasingly obvious that our gathering wasn't going to happen. So, in lieu of the club-wide ThumperCafe, members were encouraged to do something thumper-related with that particular week and then report back here on the ThumperGarage as to how they spent their week.
In the days and weeks following our aborted event, we enthusiastically anticipated a medley of member reports and stories of their activities during that ThumperCafe week, telling us where they rode, what they did with their time during that week, etc, etc...
Crickets...
This year (2021) we continue to pay homage to that date, August 21 - 29, 2021 ... be sure to set aside these days so that you can attend our event, should it happen this year, and we certainly hope it does ... and, if it doesn't, as was the case in 2020, again ... use those days to do something Thumper-related and report back to us with the details.
I don't want to jinx us here, but things appear to be somewhat on the mend, but we shall see, Grasshopper, we shall see.
Hindsight is said to be 20-20 ... and oddly enough, our change of plans from a group gathering in Indiana to a redo of the Lonesome Dove story, only this time without the cattle and on motorcycles, proved to be an absolute blast. As I recall, our daily mileage average was somewhere in the 240 mile range, with lots of stops, lots of roadside conversations under a shade tree, I think it was six nights of camping, and I came away with a fresh, new appreciation for unhurried travel.
Jay Stade, FSSNOC #5420 - a fellow Kansas member (Happy Birthday today, Jay!) went by the alias of Woodrow F. Call, who in the 1989 version of the story was aptly played by Tommy Lee Jones. I posed as Augustus "Gus" McCrae, played by Robert DuVall, and we were joined at Fort Robinson by FSSNOC #2079, Ken Miller from Indiana. It was amazing how this fun spoof of a masquerade was greeted time and time again with an unexpected level of enthusiasm and acceptance by the general public.
I came away from this experience with a host of fond memories and a new appreciation for the good things of life ... a sunny day, a good cup of coffee, a moonlight night, a persistent echo of some wild bird out in the woods, and for sure, mosquito netting ... and last but not least, good friends! (A full report was published in the Winter Issue #141 of Thumper News ... EATIN' BEANS AND SLEEPIN' IN THE WEEDS!)
I'm tempted here to extend the old axiom: "When life deals you lemons, you make lemonade..."
Save the date: August 21-29, 2021 Let us hereby proclaim that date as National Thumper Week ... that has a nice "thump" to it, don't you think? """""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""Now, on with the show:
MMRR REPORT ... by Steve Oakman, #5266
On my MMRR, I took the JANUS up the river road to watch the wetlands where all sorts of waterfowl nest. As I was watching, I saw a motorcycle coming up the road. When he came near, he stopped and shut off the bike, parking it in the middle of the road (not much traffic up there). He introduced himself as Lyle and we had a very nice chat. He was riding a 1975 Honda 400F.
I asked if he had bought it new but he was the second owner. It was the only motorcycle he'd ever owned. He had put 38,000 miles on it. Lyle is 81 years old. Talk about a love affair!
Just thought some of the members might be inspired by this story, as I certainly was.
Steve Oakman, FSSNOC #5266 - Nebraska
(REPLY) Good stuff, Steve! I continue to marvel at how social a motorcycle is, how people will approach a lone motorcycle rider with warm conversation, whether it be at a gas pump or out in the open country as above. Thanks for sharing, Steve ... #000
"""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""
MMRR ... My Most Recent Ride
"RIDIN' AN ENFIELD CONTINENTAL GT535 ON SOME NO NAME ROADS..."
Hi '000"
I took a ride over to ARKANSAS last weekend. On my way, I met up with Jim Scott in Salina, OK. at 10:00 Sat. We motored east on Kenwood road, turned onto a "no name" road, then made our way south.
Turning east on Highway 10, we picked-up another "no name" road, then back north to Kenwood again. We ended up in Grove, OK. Back east again to Rogers, ARK.
I thought we were in Christmas shopping traffic. I don't think I've ever seen traffic that bad !!! Between lake traffic and people shopping, it was a mad house!
We ended up on the east side of Rogers for B.B.Que at12:30.
The placed was Packed.( GOOD EATS)
I headed back to Tulsa on a fast route ( Highway 412). It was a Royal Enfield party, I rode my Royal Enfield GT, Scott rode his new 650 Royal Enfield twin. I put in 187 miles and got 79.3 MPG. Scott got 59+ on his 650.
It was a great ride, but I don't think I'll ever go back on a weekend !!!!!!!!!!!!!!
Thump Thump ! Three Fenders, FSSNOC #162 - Oklahoma
(REPLY) It's always fun to "get your knees in the breeze" but traffic is never fun, of course, that is coming from a country boy! Glad to hear that you got in a trip and some BBQ as well ... I can almost smell that BBQ! ... #000.
%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
(Website Details and Instructions: )
Hello Thumper Enthusiasts...
I'm Jack Robinson (FSSNOC #000), your club Director.
It is an honor to introduce you to the THUMPERGARAGE. This mini-venue is in addition to our legendary hard copy THUMPER NEWS quarterly magazine. After enjoying this page, please visit our other pages on this site. Go to the masthead above to make it happen...
You are encouraged to "thump" by the THUMPERGARAGE weekly. This is a FREE site for you and your friends.
Members may contact us anytime 24/7 with comments, conversation, stories, or questions via a mailed letter, a phone call/text or an e-mail. When you E-mail, please give us your first name, your FSSNOC member number, and your state. You'll receive a courtesy confirmation E-mail back.
Our actual response to your E-mail will generally be posted on the following Thursday's THUMPERGARAGE update so be sure to tune back in then... (Address-phone number-email address is below... **)
We also encourage you to join our club:
Complete the application found elsewhere on this site (click on "more" above) and mail it to us with $100.00 dues for a 12 month USA membership, WE MAIL ONLY TO USA ADDRESSES. Include your shirt size so we may gift you a FREE club t-shirt if this is your initial membership.
A subscription to THUMPER NEWS magazine, mailed to your mailbox (NOW BY FIRST CLASS), is included in your membership as well.
U.S. POSTAL address is: FSSNOC P.O. Box 1809, Hutchinson, Ks 67504-1809.
To call OR text our club, phone 620-663-1869. If no answer, leave a message as these are spam times.
You may send an E-mail: FSSNOCTHUMPERS@yahoo.com
NOTICE: Please understand that your E-mail may be reproduced on this site. Any/all subject matter and information submitted may be used in-part or edited and will become the property of the Four-Stroke Singles National Owners Club (FSSNOC,INC.). All included content in Thumper News or Thumper Garage is solely for entertainment, not advise....
THE CLUB STORE ... GO VISIT IT WHEN YOU ARE DONE HERE?
The Autumn season means awesome riding for many areas ... time to get some new club gear, eh? Order yourself a bright new yellow and black club cap, a couple t-shirts, and at least one sweatshirt to wear under your riding gear. Remember, every day is FSSNOC gear day. Tell the world about our club ... Thanks!
*************************************************************************************************************************
YOU'VE JUST VISITED THE THUMPERGARAGE. PLEASE CLICK ON THE "MORE" ON THE MASTHEAD ABOVE ... AND CHECK OUT ALL THE OTHER PAGES OF THIS SITE.
PLEASE CONSIDER BECOMING A MEMBER OF THE FOUR-STROKE SINGLES NATIONAL OWNERS CLUB (FSSNOC) TODAY ...Thank You! - Jack, FSSNOC #000/Director
>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>><<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<
... hello, FSSNOC friends and family ...
(04-15-'21)
A new Harley Davidson, you might ask? Nope, jes having some hot beans and BBQ pork as I update our ThumperGarage ... #000
PHOTO ABOVE ... comes to us from Steve Oakman, #5266 in Nebraska. What say you, Steve?
Sensei,
True to my word, I submit these pictures, and hope you can come up with a caption for them, should you decide to use them.
With love and affection.
Grasshopper #5266
PS I call it "Three Thumpers and...".
(REPLY) Sir Grasshopper ... (awesome shot, btw ...) I'm gonna go with:
"TRITHUMPERISM" ... the enviable state of one having three such two-wheeled machines from which to choose for an early Spring outing in the countryside.
Anyone else wanna give it a try (or should I say, "tri"?)
Send your entry to us via an email to:
FSSNOCthumpers@yahoo.com or send your text to: 620-663-1869
######################################################################
In reply to the email from Rob Fisher, #5186 - MN. ..."Rob, I'm planning to use your "Answering the Bight Eight" until the next Thumper News, not the upcoming #143, but on down the road in TN#144 ... and THANK YOU for your assistance with the #143 issue that we've been discussing. Hope that snow goes away real fast..." #000
######################################################################
In reply to #1196 - Colorado, Maynards email ... "Now that sounds like fun! Look for me to show up unless the creek rises ... I'll be the one that doesn't know how to speak Italian!" - #000.
#####################################################################
And, speaking of speaking Italian...
Hey Jack and Club Members,
Not sure if you have seen this but I came across an interesting interview with Pierre Terblanche talking about making the Ducati Supermono:
From EXIF:
Pierre Terblanche speaks about the Ducati Supermono:
The Supermono is as fascinating as it is rare. Designed as a single-cylinder machine, and named for the Supermono class it was designed to compete in, only 65 were ever made. If you can find one, it’ll cost you. The Ducati Supermono owes its looks to the renowned South African designer, Pierre Terblanche, and was one of his earliest projects.
In this video, he sits down with the Barber Museum’s Brian Case to talk about the Supermono’s development. Highlights include insight into how the motor used a ‘ghost’ second cylinder to help balance it, and what it was like designing bikes before CAD was a thing.
At 45 minutes long, the video [below] is more of a relaxed conversation than a sizzle reel. But if you’re even remotely interested in the Supermono or Pierre’s career, it’s worth a watch.
Watch Pierre Terblanche Talk About Making the Ducati Supermono - Asphalt & Rubber (asphaltandrubber.com)
Vincent #133
(REPLY) Awesome, awesome, THANK YOU, VINCENT! I ALWAYS HOPED THAT DUCATI WOULD BUILD THAT ONE FOR A STREET SINGLE ... but it, as we all know, didn't happen. Guess I can dream, right? - #000.
#####################################################################
AUCTION ... if you like old motorcycles and/or pieces thereof ... this might be worth your time ... Action!
KEN AND MARY MEYER ESTATE AUCTION - Saturday, May 8, 2021
Live and Online - autos and motorcycles, Vintage and Modern.
Investigate at: farmandhomeks.com
(You may not be able to click on this, if not, you may have to copy and paste or simply key this address in as our website sometimes doesn't seem to be able to do it any other way ... sorry.)
Please realize that what I'm going to say here, I say with only the highest level of respect and affection for a now-departed close friend ... Ken was an almost daily purchaser of something motorized, mechanical, two wheels, four wheels, ten wheels, little wheels, fat wheels, or more ... even boats, everything and anything that one could operate or ride in or on!
He loved going to Auctions! As Ken was a faithful FSSNOCer and a personal friend, I suspect that he generally came home with something, and most times, a Pickup load, sometimes followed by a car-hauler trailer!
When last I was at his place, I brought home the bones of an Indian from the Clymer days, a 100cc racer. I couldn't count the number of old motorcycles and motorcycle bits and pieces ... most still in the "as found" state, some stripped down as if to put the pieces in a salvage, or viewing bare frames from stuff I'd only read about in books and magazines. To most, it looked like an entangled assemblage of tubular metal, to me ... it was history in the raw. How much is left, how much is gonna sell at that Auction, you'll have to ascertain that for yourself ... a sale bill is either ready or forthcoming at the website of the Auction company above ... Good Hunting! - #000.
######################################################################
More stuff on the other pages of this here site::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::>
######################################################################
HELLO FSSNOCERS ... (04-08-21)
THANKS FOR DROPPING BY THE OLE THUMPERGARAGE TODAY!
Check out the pack above, how many different items can you identify and name from this shot? Send us your list...
This photo came from last year's (2020) Thumper trip to Fort Robinson in the upper left-hand corner of Nebraska. As you may recall, we had planned to journey to Indiana and do a walk-through of the JANUS motorcycle factory. As the date neared, August 26, 2020, it became increasingly obvious that our gathering wasn't going to happen. So, in lieu of the club-wide ThumperCafe, members were encouraged to do something thumper-related with that particular week and then report back here on the ThumperGarage as to how they spent their week.
In the days and weeks following our aborted event, we enthusiastically anticipated a medley of member reports and stories of their activities during that ThumperCafe week, telling us where they rode, what they did with their time during that week, etc, etc...
Crickets...
This year (2021) we continue to pay homage to that date, August 21 - 29, 2021 ... be sure to set aside these days so that you can attend our event, should it happen this year, and we certainly hope it does ... and, if it doesn't, as was the case in 2020, again ... use those days to do something Thumper-related and report back to us with the details.
I don't want to jinx us here, but things appear to be somewhat on the mend, but we shall see, Grasshopper, we shall see.
Hindsight is said to be 20-20 ... and oddly enough, our change of plans from a group gathering in Indiana to a redo of the Lonesome Dove story, only this time without the cattle and on motorcycles, proved to be an absolute blast. As I recall, our daily mileage average was somewhere in the 240 mile range, with lots of stops, lots of roadside conversations under a shade tree, I think it was six nights of camping, and I came away with a fresh, new appreciation for unhurried travel.
Jay Stade, FSSNOC #5420 - a fellow Kansas member (Happy Birthday today, Jay!) went by the alias of Woodrow F. Call, who in the 1989 version of the story was aptly played by Tommy Lee Jones. I posed as Augustus "Gus" McCrae, played by Robert DuVall, and we were joined at Fort Robinson by FSSNOC #2079, Ken Miller from Indiana. It was amazing how this fun spoof of a masquerade was greeted time and time again with an unexpected level of enthusiasm and acceptance by the general public.
I came away from this experience with a host of fond memories and a new appreciation for the good things of life ... a sunny day, a good cup of coffee, a moonlight night, a persistent echo of some wild bird out in the woods, and for sure, mosquito netting ... and last but not least, good friends! (A full report was published in the Winter Issue #141 of Thumper News ... EATIN' BEANS AND SLEEPIN' IN THE WEEDS!)
I'm tempted here to extend the old axiom: "When life deals you lemons, you make lemonade..."
Save the date: August 21-29, 2021 Let us hereby proclaim that date as National Thumper Week ... that has a nice "thump" to it, don't you think? """""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""Now, on with the show:
MMRR REPORT ... by Steve Oakman, #5266
On my MMRR, I took the JANUS up the river road to watch the wetlands where all sorts of waterfowl nest. As I was watching, I saw a motorcycle coming up the road. When he came near, he stopped and shut off the bike, parking it in the middle of the road (not much traffic up there). He introduced himself as Lyle and we had a very nice chat. He was riding a 1975 Honda 400F.
I asked if he had bought it new but he was the second owner. It was the only motorcycle he'd ever owned. He had put 38,000 miles on it. Lyle is 81 years old. Talk about a love affair!
Just thought some of the members might be inspired by this story, as I certainly was.
Steve Oakman, FSSNOC #5266 - Nebraska
(REPLY) Good stuff, Steve! I continue to marvel at how social a motorcycle is, how people will approach a lone motorcycle rider with warm conversation, whether it be at a gas pump or out in the open country as above. Thanks for sharing, Steve ... #000
"""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""
MMRR ... My Most Recent Ride
"RIDIN' AN ENFIELD CONTINENTAL GT535 ON SOME NO NAME ROADS..."
Hi '000"
I took a ride over to ARKANSAS last weekend. On my way, I met up with Jim Scott in Salina, OK. at 10:00 Sat. We motored east on Kenwood road, turned onto a "no name" road, then made our way south.
Turning east on Highway 10, we picked-up another "no name" road, then back north to Kenwood again. We ended up in Grove, OK. Back east again to Rogers, ARK.
I thought we were in Christmas shopping traffic. I don't think I've ever seen traffic that bad !!! Between lake traffic and people shopping, it was a mad house!
We ended up on the east side of Rogers for B.B.Que at12:30.
The placed was Packed.( GOOD EATS)
I headed back to Tulsa on a fast route ( Highway 412). It was a Royal Enfield party, I rode my Royal Enfield GT, Scott rode his new 650 Royal Enfield twin. I put in 187 miles and got 79.3 MPG. Scott got 59+ on his 650.
It was a great ride, but I don't think I'll ever go back on a weekend !!!!!!!!!!!!!!
Thump Thump ! Three Fenders, FSSNOC #162 - Oklahoma
(REPLY) It's always fun to "get your knees in the breeze" but traffic is never fun, of course, that is coming from a country boy! Glad to hear that you got in a trip and some BBQ as well ... I can almost smell that BBQ! ... #000.
%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
(Website Details and Instructions: )
Hello Thumper Enthusiasts...
I'm Jack Robinson (FSSNOC #000), your club Director.
It is an honor to introduce you to the THUMPERGARAGE. This mini-venue is in addition to our legendary hard copy THUMPER NEWS quarterly magazine. After enjoying this page, please visit our other pages on this site. Go to the masthead above to make it happen...
You are encouraged to "thump" by the THUMPERGARAGE weekly. This is a FREE site for you and your friends.
Members may contact us anytime 24/7 with comments, conversation, stories, or questions via a mailed letter, a phone call/text or an e-mail. When you E-mail, please give us your first name, your FSSNOC member number, and your state. You'll receive a courtesy confirmation E-mail back.
Our actual response to your E-mail will generally be posted on the following Thursday's THUMPERGARAGE update so be sure to tune back in then... (Address-phone number-email address is below... **)
We also encourage you to join our club:
Complete the application found elsewhere on this site (click on "more" above) and mail it to us with $100.00 dues for a 12 month USA membership, WE MAIL ONLY TO USA ADDRESSES. Include your shirt size so we may gift you a FREE club t-shirt if this is your initial membership.
A subscription to THUMPER NEWS magazine, mailed to your mailbox (NOW BY FIRST CLASS), is included in your membership as well.
U.S. POSTAL address is: FSSNOC P.O. Box 1809, Hutchinson, Ks 67504-1809.
To call OR text our club, phone 620-663-1869. If no answer, leave a message as these are spam times.
You may send an E-mail: FSSNOCTHUMPERS@yahoo.com
NOTICE: Please understand that your E-mail may be reproduced on this site. Any/all subject matter and information submitted may be used in-part or edited and will become the property of the Four-Stroke Singles National Owners Club (FSSNOC,INC.). All included content in Thumper News or Thumper Garage is solely for entertainment, not advise....
THE CLUB STORE ... GO VISIT IT WHEN YOU ARE DONE HERE?
The Autumn season means awesome riding for many areas ... time to get some new club gear, eh? Order yourself a bright new yellow and black club cap, a couple t-shirts, and at least one sweatshirt to wear under your riding gear. Remember, every day is FSSNOC gear day. Tell the world about our club ... Thanks!
*************************************************************************************************************************
YOU'VE JUST VISITED THE THUMPERGARAGE. PLEASE CLICK ON THE "MORE" ON THE MASTHEAD ABOVE ... AND CHECK OUT ALL THE OTHER PAGES OF THIS SITE.
PLEASE CONSIDER BECOMING A MEMBER OF THE FOUR-STROKE SINGLES NATIONAL OWNERS CLUB (FSSNOC) TODAY ...Thank You! - Jack, FSSNOC #000/Director
>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>><<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<